Page 43 - #54 English

Nutritional composition
Quantities of the main constituents of raw milk from
cows vary considerably; between cows of different breeds and
between individual cows of the same breed. Cow’s milk consists
of about 87% water and 13% dry substance. The dry substance
consists of approximately 4.9% carbohydrate in the form of lac-
tose, 3.4% fat, 3.3% protein, and vitamins and minerals.

Varieties of cow’s milk
Carbohydrates Whole milk is 3.5% milk fat and is the closest to the way
Carbohydrates in milk are in the form of simple sugar it comes from the cow before processing with nothing added or
called lactose. Lactose is a disaccharide (two sugars) made removed. Most coffee shops uses this type of milk to create the
up of galactose and glucose bonded together. While lactose is creamy texture you get in your favorite milk beverage. Reduced-
classified as a sugar, it is only 16/100 as sweet as regular sugar fat milk contains 2% milk fat and low-fat milk contains 1% milk
(sucrose). fat. Fat-free milk, also called nonfat or skim, has nearly all the fat
removed and contains no more than 0.2% milk fat.
Proteins
Milk is a rich source of protein; it has around 1 gram Lactose-free milk is regular milk but with sugar lactase,
of protein in each fluid ounce. Proteins in milk can be divided an enzyme produced by the stomach, added to break down the
into two groups based on their solubility in water. Insoluble milk sugar galactose. People who have gastrointestinal symptoms
proteins are called ‘casein’ which forms the majority (80%) of when they consume dairy products containing lactose, is lactose
proteins in milk, whereas soluble proteins are known as ‘whey intolerance or in other word, lactase deficiency. Lactose-free milk
proteins’. will also taste sweeter because the milk sugar lactase is broken
down into two simple sugars, galactose and glucose. Milk com-
Fat pany added lactase to lactose-free milk so that those with gastro-
Milk fat is one of the most complex of all natural fats, intestinal symptoms can drink the milk without any discomfort.
containing about 400 different types of fatty acids. These fatty
acids in milk fat are 65% saturated, 29% monounsaturated, and Milk Processings
6% polyunsaturated. The polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat There are several types of milk processings but the most
include small amounts of the essential fatty acids that cannot be relevant process in association to coffee making are pasteuriza-
made by the body and must come from diet, and these are linoleic tion. The basic process for pasteurization involves heating the
and linolenic, and approximately 5% trans fatty acids. milk to a temperature of no less than 71.7 degrees Celsius for
a minimum of 15 seconds and a maximum of 25 seconds. This
Vitamins and Minerals process is known as High Temperature Short Time (HTST).
The following vitamins and minerals are found in par- Along with correct cooling and chilled distribution, pasteurized
ticularly large amounts in milk: milk has a shelf life of five to 15 days. It is a relatively mild form
Vitamin B12: This essential vitamin is only found in of treatment which kills harmful bacteria without significantly
foods of animal origin, and milk is very high in B12. affecting the nutritional value or taste of the milk.
Calcium: Milk is not only one of the best dietary sources
of calcium, but the calcium found in milk is also easily absorbed. In UHT or Ultra High Temperature treatment, milk is
Riboflavin: One of the B-vitamins, also called vitamin exposed to brief, intense heating to temperatures in the range
B2. Dairy products are the biggest source of riboflavin in the of 135-140 degrees Celsius for three seconds. Most importantly,
Western diet. UHT treatment is a continuous process which takes place in
Phosphorus: Dairy products are a good source of phos- a closed system that prevents the product from being con-
phorus, a mineral that plays an essential role in many biological taminated by airborne micro-organisms. The UHT milk passes
processes. through heating and cooling stages in quick succession, then is
immediately put into a sterile Tetra Pak shelf safe carton. This
43